Automobiles are four-wheeled vehicles that carry passengers and operate primarily on roads. They are designed to be driven by people and have seating for one to six people. Modern automobiles are powered by internal combustion engines that burn fuel, typically gasoline. These engines usually drive the front wheels, but may drive all four wheels in some models. Other power sources include electricity and diesel fuel. The scientific and technical building blocks of the automobile have been developed for over a century. Karl Benz is credited with inventing the first automobile in 1885 and other engineers and inventors followed with their own designs.
It was Henry Ford who made the automobile widely available to middle-class American families. He introduced manufacturing techniques such as the assembly line, allowing him to turn out cars quickly and affordably. The automobile revolutionized American society by allowing people to travel long distances to work or to visit family and friends. It gave women a means to travel alone and participate in the workforce, changing gender roles. It also allowed people to choose where they lived in relation to their careers.
Cars are now a vital part of most families. In the United States, more than three trillion miles (five trillion kilometers) are driven on average each year. Automobiles are now used as the primary form of transport for both commuters and business travelers.
Most of the world’s automobiles are powered by internal combustion engines. The most popular type is the gasoline engine. Diesel engines are used for heavy vehicles and buses, but some passenger cars use them as well. Electric motors are often used to power hybrid cars, enabling them to run on both gas and electricity.
Modern automobiles are designed to be safe and comfortable for the driver and passengers. Safety features include seat belts, airbags, and anti-lock braking systems. Some vehicles are equipped with sensors that monitor the road and driver. Driver assistance features such as lane departure warnings, cruise control, and parking assist are becoming more common. Some are even equipped with self-parking technology.
Automakers continually seek to improve the performance, comfort, and styling of their vehicles. They invest billions in research and development each year. New models of automobiles are launched each year, and competition among manufacturers is stiff. Consumers can select from hundreds of different automobiles, including sporty sportscars and powerful pickup trucks.
The automobile has changed society in many ways, from how we commute to work and play, to the way our cities are built. Without the automobile, life would be very difficult. It is hard to imagine what a city would look like without streets with multiple lanes and traffic lights. Without the ability to travel long distances, most families would have to live in suburbia. Those who cannot afford to own a car are at a disadvantage. It is becoming increasingly inconvenient to rely on public transportation, and even taxis are not always reliable. Owning a car provides independence and freedom, but it can also be expensive.